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UW School of Dentistry

Department: Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

Evi Sipola

Education

  • Bachelor of Science in Biology, Lindenwood University
  • Doctor of Dental Surgery, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry of USC
  • General Practice Residency, University of Washington

Austin Gaal

Dr. Gaal is a fellowship-trained oral and maxillofacial surgeon with special practice emphasis caring for both children and adults with cleft and craniofacial differences.

He completed his dental school training at Columbia University in New York City and his residency in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery at the University of Washington. He then completed his fellowship in cleft and craniofacial surgery under Dr. Kevin Smith at the University of Oklahoma. He returned to the Pacific Northwest and joined the University of Washington/ Harborview Medical Center OMS service since 2019. He currently serves as a clinical assistant professor within the OMS department in the School of Dentistry. He helps to lead the only ACPA accredited cleft team in Central Washington, the Yakima Cleft Lip and Palate team, and he actively engages in several global cleft surgical outreach trips throughout the year, working with several well-respected groups such as Free To Smile, Tess Unlimited, and Healing the Children Northeast. He conducts a busy trauma, orthognathic, and cleft practice at Harborview Medical Center treating both children and adults. He is a fellow of the American College of Surgeons, fellow of the American Academy of Craniomaxillofacial Surgeons, Diplomate of the American Board of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons, and an active member of the American Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Association.

Research Interests

Cleft and craniofacial differences, global surgical care, craniomaxillofacial trauma, public health related to OMS

Kevin Lee

Background

Dr. Kevin Lee is an oral and maxillofacial surgeon with additional subspecialty training in head and neck oncologic surgery. He treats and manages benign and malignant disease processes of the head and neck (oral cavity, oropharnx, hypopharynx, larynx, thyroid, skin, salivary glands) and has a particular interest and clinical expertise in oral cavity cancer and maxillofacial reconstruction.

Dr. Lee attended both dental and medical schools at Columbia University followed by an oral and maxillofacial surgery residency at Columbia University/NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital. After residency, he obtained additional fellowship training in head and neck oncologic and microvascular surgery at Roswell Comprehensive Cancer Center.

Education

Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center
Fellowship – Head and Neck Surgery, 2024

Columbia University/NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital
Residency – Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 2023

Columbia University, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons
MD, 2020

Columbia University, College of Dental Medicine
DDS, 2017

University of Pennsylvania
BA, 2013

Teaching or Research Interests

  • Improving survival outcomes in head and neck surgery
  • Improving detection and surveillance of oral cavity cancer in the community
  • Mitigating complications with radiation and medication related osteonecrosis
  • Dental rehabilitation following free flap reconstruction

Publications and Research

Original Articles (selected)

Lee KC, Gardella J, Balsiger R, Singh AK, Hicks WL, Markiewicz MR, Al Afif A. Is dental specialty referral associated with earlier presentation of oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma? J Oral Maxillofac Surg (In press)

Lee KC, Frias V, Ozturk C, Best DL, Markiewicz MR. Bimaxillary immediate prosthetic rehabilitation using a custom maxillary subperiosteal implant and fibula free flap mandibular reconstruction after tumor ablation. J Craniofac Surg 2024;35(3):e280-e282. 

Lee KC, Waring NA, Yu VX, Okolo O, Caruana SM, Troob SH, Parikh AS. Prolonged operative time predicts postoperative deep venous thrombosis in head and neck cancer patients who undergo free flap reconstruction. Laryngoscope Investig Otolaryngol 2023;8(6):1584-1588.

Lee KC, Costandi JJ, Carrao V, Eisig SB, Perrino MA. Autogenous iliac crest versus rhBMP-2 for alveolar cleft grafting: a 14-year single-institution experience. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2021;79(2):431-440.

Naik K, Lee KC, Torroni A. Does open reduction and internal fixation provide a quality-of-life benefit over traditional closed reduction of mandibular condyle fractures? J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2020;78(11):2018-2026.

Lee KC, Naik K, Wu BW, Karlis V, Chuang SK, Eisig SB. Are motorized scooters associated with more severe craniomaxillofacial injuries? J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2020;78(9):1583-1589.

Lee KC, Chuang SK, Philipone EM, Peters SM. Characteristics and prognosis of primary head and neck angiosarcomas: a Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program (SEER) analysis of 1,250 cases. Head Neck Pathol 2019;13(3):378-385.

Lee KC, Chuang SK, Philipone EM, Peters SM. Which clinicopathologic factors affect the prognosis of gingival squamous cell carcinoma: a population analysis of 4,345 cases. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2019;77(5):986-993.

Lee KC, Eisig SB, Carrao V, Chuang SK, Perrino MA. Which factors affect length of stay and readmission rate in mandibular distraction osteogenesis? J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2019;77(8)1681-1686.

Book Chapters (selected) 

Lee KC, Neal TW, Peacock Z, Cuddy K, Kademani D, Melville JC, Markiewicz MR. Local and pedicle flaps for the maxillary and midface defects. Atlas Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am (In press)

Lee KC. Benign salivary gland neoplasms. Pages 351-363. In: Louis Mandel’s Clinical Management of Salivary Gland Disorders, First Edition, 2024. Published by Springer Nature Switzerland AG.

Lee KC. Malignant salivary gland neoplasms. Pages 365-374. In: Louis Mandel’s Clinical Management of Salivary Gland Disorders, First Edition, 2024. Published by Springer Nature Switzerland AG.

Lee KC, Reynolds R, Recker MJ, Markiewicz MR. Rigid fixation of the pediatric facial skeleton. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am 2023;35(4):529-541.PMID: 37537081.

Recker MJ, Lee KC, Reynolds RM, Nguyen A, Markiewicz MR. Innovations in craniofacial surgery. Pages 1-36. In: James C. Melville, Simon Young & Paulo G. Coelho’s Advancements and Innovations in OMFS, ENT, and Facial Plastic Surgery, First Edition, 2023. Published by Springer Nature Switzerland AG.

Halepas S, Lee KC, Castiglione C, Ferneini EM. Grafting in modern rhinoplasty. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am 2021;33(1):61-69.

Appointments and Professional Specialties

  • American Head and Neck Society (AHNS)
  • American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons (AAOMS)

Ivy F. Lin

Lin
Dr. Lin an Assistant Professor in the Department of Oral Surgery and the Assistant Director of the General Practice Residency. She obtained her DMD with distinction from McGill University, then completed a GPR at University of Washington. In 2022, she obtained a Master of Public Health at Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, where she focused her studies on climate change mitigation and health policy. Since then, she has been working on promoting sustainability in dentistry through lectures, research, and the creation of the Climate Action and Sustainability Team at UW. Dr. Lin also offers dental care in community clinics and is very involved in improving access to dental care locally, serving in the leadership of the Seattle/King County Clinic and volunteering with students at various outreach events.
  • 2012-2013 Dentistry Preparatory Program, McGill University
  • 2013-2017 DMD, McGill University
  • 2017-2018 General Practice Residency, University of Washington
  • 2021-2022 Master of Public Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health

Oxborrow DG, Dong C, Lin IF. Simulation clinic waste audit assessment and recommendations at the University of Washington School of Dentistry. J Dent Educ. 2024 May;88(5):623-630. doi: 10.1002/jdd.13470. Epub 2024 Feb 12. PMID: 38343343.

  • Lin. “Climate Change and Oral Healthcare: A Bidirectional Relationship.” University of Washington Planetary Health Interest Group. June 2024, virtual.
  • Lin. “How to Incorporate Sustainability in Your Dental Practice.” Pacific Northwest Dental Conference. June 2023, Seattle, WA.
  • Lin, H. Nguyen. “How Publicly Financed Dental Care is Delivered in Canada vs the United States.” Coalition for Dentalcare webinar series, November 2020, virtual.
Climate action in dentistry, waste reduction in dentistry, effects of climate change on health, dental public health

Zahid Lalani

Background

Zahid Lalani, DDS, PhD, MBA, is a Clinical Assistant Professor of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. Dr. Lalani is a Diplomate of the American Board of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and National Dental Board of Anesthesiology. He is a Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons of England and Ireland. Dr. Lalani completed his training in oral and maxillofacial surgery at the University of Texas Health Science Center in Houston and trained in India and the UK prior to that. He completed his doctoral studies in Molecular Biology with an emphasis on wound healing as part of a joint residency/PhD program. Prior to joining the oral and maxillofacial surgery team at the University of Washington, Dr Lalani was in private practice in Houston for 19 years. Dr. Lalani practices the full scope of oral and maxillofacial surgery.

Research Interests

Medication related osteonecrosis of the jaws, Regulation of wound healing in bone and soft tissue, Role of growth factors in wound healing

Andrea Burke

Burke
Dr. Andrea Burke is an Associate Professor in the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. Dr. Burke joined the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery team at the University of Washington after completing the Dental Clinical Research Fellowship Program at the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, in Bethesda, MD. She trained in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery at the Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston, MA, and obtained her D.M.D. and M.D. degrees from Harvard University. Dr. Burke is a Diplomate of the American Board of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. She practices the full scope of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, with a special interest in skeletal diseases.

  • 1997-2001    B.A., Major in Biology, Minor in Environmental Science; Barnard College, Columbia University
  • 2003-2007    D.M.D., Harvard School of Dental Medicine
  • 2007-2010    M.D., Harvard Medical School
  • 2013-2016 Clinical Research Fellow, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH
Dr. Burke’s clinical and research interests include the pathophysiology of skeletal diseases, such as fibro-osseous and giant cell lesions, osteonecrosis of the jaws and odontogenic tumors.  Her current research focuses on the molecular and genetic understanding of benign craniofacial fibro-osseous lesions.  She also helped to create the first Fibrous Dysplasia/McCune-Albright Syndrome Patient Registry.
  1. Foster BL, Ramnitz MS, Gafni RI, Burke AB, Boyce AM, Lee JS, Wright JT, Akintoye SO, Somerman MJ, Collins MT. “Rare Bone Diseases and Their Dental, Oral, and Craniofacial Manifestations.  J Dent Res. 2014 Apr 3;93 (7 suppl):7S-19S.
  2. Boyce AM, Burke A, Peck C, DuFresne CR, Lee JS, Collins MT. Surgical management of polyostotic craniofacial fibrous dysplasia: long-term outcomes and predictors for post-operative regrowth.”  Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2016 Jun;137(6):1833-9.
  3. Burke, A.B., Boyce, A.M., Collins, M.T. Response to “Fibrous Dysplasia: Management of the Optic Canal.”  Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. Advance online publication 2016 Jun;137(6).
  4. Metwally, T., Burke, A.B., Tsai, J.Y., Boyce, A.M. “Fibrous dysplasia and bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw.”  Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 2016 Sep;74(9):1765-70.
  5. Burke, A.B., Collins, M.T., Boyce, A.M. “Invited Medical Review: Fibrous Dysplasia of Bone: Craniofacial and Dental Implications.”  Oral Diseases.  2016 Aug 5. doi: 10.1111/odi.12563.
  6. Lim, Y.H.*, Burke, A.B.,* Ramnitz, M.S., Collins, M.T., Choate, K.A. “Multilineage ACTB mutation in a patient with fibro-osseous maxillary lesion and astrocytoma.” American Journal of Medical Genetics.  2018 Sep; 176(9): 2037-2040.   * first authors contributed equally
  7. Burke, A.B., Cheng, K.L., Han J.T., Dillon, J.K., Dodson, T.B., Susarla, S.M. “Is gender associated with success in academic oral and maxillofacial surgery?” Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery. 2019 Feb; 77(2): 240-246.
  8. F. de Castro*, A.B. Burke*, H.D. Wang, J. Tsai, P. Florenzano, K.S. Pan, N. Bhattacharyya, A.M. Boyce, R.I. Gafni, A.A. Molinolo, P.G. Robey, M.T. Collins. “Activation of RANK/RANKL/OPG pathway is involved in the pathophysiology of fibrous dysplasia and associated with disease burden.”  Journal of Bone and Mineral Research.  2019 Feb; 34(2): 290-294.   * first authors contributed equally
  9. Zurayk, L., Cheng, K., Zemplenyi, M., Burke, A.B., Dillon, J.K. “Perceptions of Sexual Harassment in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Training and Practice”  Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery.  2019 Aug 29.  doi: 10.1016/j.joms.2019.08.019.
  10. Mishra, R., Burke, A., Gitman, B., Verma, P., Engelstad, M., Haendel, M., Alevizos, I., Gahl, W.A., Collins, M.T., Lee, J.S., Sincan, M. “Data-driven method to enhance craniofacial and oral phenotype vocabularies.” Journal of the American Dental Association. 2019 Nov; 150(11): 933-939.e2.
  11. Burke, A.B. “2020 ACOMS Elaine A. Stuebner Scholars Award Winning Essay: Creating the ‘Women in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Pipeline.'” Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol.  2020 May; 129(5):428-430.
  12. Raborn, L.N., Burke, A.B., Ebb, D.H., Collins, M.T., Kaban, L.B., Boyce, A.M.”Denosumab for Craniofacial Fibrous Dysplasia: Duration of Efficacy and Post-Treatment Effects.” Osteoporosis International. Published online March 27, 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-021-05895-6.
  1. Burke, A.B., Somerman, M., Lee, J.S. “A Career as a Surgeon-Scientist,” in Careers in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 3rd Edition. Raymond J. Fonseca, Robert D. Marciani, Timothy A. Turvey.  St. Louis:  Saunders, 2017.
  2. Burke, A.B. and Mishra, R. “Bone Diseases,” in Translational Systems Medicine and Oral Disease.  Stephen Sonis and Allejandro Villa.  London, UK:  Elsevier Academic Press.
  3. Lee, J.S., Burke, A.B. ” Biology of bone and cartilage grafting.” in Aesthetic Surgery of the Facial Skeleton.  Baker, Patel, Weinzweig.    In press, March 15, 2021.
  1. B. Burke, A. Boyce. “The Search for a Blood Test to Diagnose and Assess the Effectiveness of Treatment in Vascular Malformations.”  Inaugural International Lymphangiomatosis & Gorham’s Disease Alliance Patient-Family Conference.  June 2014, Houston, TX.
  2. B. Burke, H.D. Wang, J. Tsai, N. Bhattacharyya, A.M. Boyce, R.I. Gafni, A. Estrada, A.A. Molinolo, K. Holmbeck, V. Kram, P.G. Robey, M.T. Collins. ““RANKL Inhibition in the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Fibrous Dysplasia.”  American Society of Bone and Mineral Research Annual Meeting and the National Bone Health Alliance/Rare Bone Disease Patient Network Workshop: Mechanistic and Therapeutic Insights into Skeletal Biology Learned from the Study of Rare Bone Diseases.  September  2014, Houston, TX.
  3. B. Burke. “Surgical Treatment of Craniofacial Fibrous Dysplasia: A Case Report and Review.”  National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research Clinical Case Conference.  May 2015, Bethesda, MD.
  4. B. Burke. “Craniofacial Fibro-osseous Lesions:  The good, the bad and the osteoclast.” Craniofacial and Skeletal Diseases Branch Seminar, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research.  June 2015, Bethesda, MD.
  5. B. Burke, A.M. Boyce, C. Cutler-Peck, C. DuFresne, J.S. Lee, M.T. Collins. “Long-term outcomes of surgical treatment for craniofacial fibrous dysplasia.” American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons Annual Meeting, Washington, D.C., September 2015.
  6. B. Burke. “Translating the effects of RANKL inhibition in the treatment of fibrous dysplasia of bone.” Craniofacial and Skeletal Diseases Branch Seminar, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research. April 2016, Bethesda, MD.
  7. B. Burke, A.M. Boyce, M.T. Collins. ““Dental Findings from the National Institutes of Health Fibrous Dysplasia/McCune-Albright Syndrome Cohort.” American Society of Bone and Mineral Research Annual Meeting.  September 2016, Atlanta, GA.
  8. B. Burke. “Fibrous Dysplasia: Craniofacial and Dental Implications”  The MAGIC Foundation 2017 Annual Convention.  July 2017, Lombard, IL.
  9. B. Burke. “The Role of Bisphosphonates and Antiangiogenics in Fibro-osseous Lesions.” American Association of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgeons Women’s Special Interest Group, Inaugural Meeting.  October 2017, San Francisco, CA.
  10. B. Burke & J.S. Lee. “Fibrous Dysplasia: Craniofacial and Dental Implications.”  Annual Fibrous Dysplasia/McCune-Albright Syndrome Patient and Family Conference.  Sponsor:  Fibrous Dysplasia Foundation.   November 2017, Silver Spring, MD.
  11. B. Burke “RANKL Inhibition in the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Fibrous Dysplasia.”  Oral Health Sciences Seminar, University of Washington School of Dentistry.  April  2018, Seattle, WA.
  12. F. de Castro, A.B. Burke, H.D. Wang, J. Tsai, P. Florenzano, K.S. Pan, N. Bhattacharyya, A.M. Boyce, R.I. Gafni, A.A. Molinolo, P.G. Robey, M.T. Collins. “Activation of RANK/RANKL/OPG pathway is involved in the pathophysiology of fibrous dysplasia and associated with disease burden.”  American Society of Bone and Mineral Research Annual Meeting, Montreal, QC, Canada, September 2018.
  13. B. Burke, K.L. Cheng, J.T. Han, J.K. Dillon, T.B. Dodson, S.M. Susarla. “Is gender associated with success in academic oral and maxillofacial surgery?” American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons Annual Meeting, Chicago, IL, October 2018.
  14. B. Burke, A. M. Boyce, D. Ebb, M.T. Collins, L.B. Kaban. “Successful Use of Denosumab to Manage Pain and Prevent Postoperative Regrowth of Craniofacial Fibrous Dysplasia.”  American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons Annual Meeting, Chicago, IL, October 2018.
  15. B. Burke. “Approach to the Patient with an Unknown Fibro-osseous Lesion.”  American College of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons Annual Meeting, Santa Fe, NM.  April 2019.
  16. Zurayk, L., Cheng, K., Zemplenyi, M., Burke, A.B., Dillon, J.K. “Perceptions of Sexual Harassment in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Training and Practice.”  American Association of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgeons Annual Meeting – Joint Meeting with Dutch Society of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons, Boston, MA, September 2019.
  17. B. Burke. “Phosphaturic Mesenchymal Tumor: The one that almost got away.”  Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Grand Rounds, University of Washington School of Dentistry, December 2019.
  18. B. Burke. ” Applications of Endoscopy in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery.”  Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Grand Rounds, University of Washington School of Dentistry (Zoom Meeting), September 2020.
  19. B. Burke. “Developing the ‘Women in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Pipeline.'”  American Dental Education Association (ADEA) National Meeting (virtual), March 2021.

Ryan O’Connor

Background

Dr. O’Connor is developing into an accomplished general dentist with a notable background of volunteerism to community health clinics. Dr. O’Connor participated in the Honduras Dental Mission of 2008, and has been an active member of Give Kids A-Smile, Longview Dental Clinic, and the 45th Street Clinic, where he volunteers in providing dental care to homeless youths throughout his dental school years. Having recently completed a General Practice Residency with the University of Washington in 2010, Dr. O’Connor has obtained both his DDS and BS in neurobiology from our institution. He has served as a general dentist at Community Health Center of Snohomish County, Colby Dental Clinic in Everett and is currently working at a practice in Seattle.

Interests

  • Oral and Parenteral Sedation
  • Pediatric Dentistry
  • Adrenal Disease

Melanie S. Lang

Lang
Dr. Melanie S. Lang joined the University of Washington Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery (OMS) as a Teaching Professor in 2014 after spending 14 years in a busy private practice in Spokane, WA where she practiced the full scope of the specialty treating patients of all ages. She staffed all four of the major Spokane hospitals and medical centers to provide maxillofacial trauma care, worked closely with the cardiac transplant team, and served on numerous dental, medical and hospital committees. Dr. Lang enjoyed teaching as a small group clinical instructor in Introduction to Clinical Medicine for the University of Washington affiliated predoctoral WWAMI/RIDE programs in Spokane from the time of their inception in 2008 until 2014. Since 2012 Dr. Lang has been a monthly audio contributor to Practical Reviews in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. Dr. Lang is a Diplomate of the American Board of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and National Dental Board of Anesthesiology.

Dr. Lang is past president of the Washington State Society of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons and currently serves as the American Hospital Association’s representative to the American Dental Association Council on Access Prevention and Interprofessional Relations. She is a surveyor and on the board for the Accreditation Association for Ambulatory Health Care. Dr. Lang acts as a consultant to the American Association of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgeons Committee on Hospital and Interprofessional Affairs and American Dental Association Medical Advisory Committee. Dr. Lang is a member of several professional organizations some of which include: the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons, American College of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons, American Academy of Cosmetic Surgeons, American Academy of Facial Plastic Surgeons, American Dental Society of Anesthesiologists, American Medical Association, American Dental Association, Washington State Society of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons and Western Society of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons.

Dr. Lang has enjoyed traveling in a professional capacity to provide surgical care outside of the United States. She has volunteered her time on several occasions to provide surgical care in South America with a non-profit organization, Hearts in Motion. In addition, she has traveled on surgical missions to Bosnia with a non-profit group, Care for Children.

Dr. Lang, born in northern California, spent her early life in Minnesota and North Dakota. Dr. Lang completed her undergraduate training at Union College in Lincoln, NE. After graduating with High Distinction with her Doctor of Dental Surgery in 1991 from the University of Nebraska and being inducted into the Omicron Kappa Upsilon Honorary Dental Society, Dr. Lang completed a one-year General Practice Residency in Hospital Dentistry at the University of Washington and affiliated hospitals in Seattle, Washington. In 1992, Melanie returned to the University of Nebraska where she completed a one-year Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Clinical and Research Fellowship.

In 1993 Dr. Lang began a six-year dual degree Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Residency program at the University of Florida in Gainesville which she completed in 1999. Dr. Lang graduated with honors with her Doctor of Medicine from the University of Florida in 1996 and was inducted into the Alpha Omega Alpha Honorary Medical Society and Phi Kappa Phi Honor Society. Dr. Lang has a special interest in facial cosmetic surgery and completed subspecialty training in maxillofacial cosmetic surgery at the University of Alabama in Birmingham in 2000.

  • Dentoalveolar/Impaction Surgery
  • Dental Implants
  • Management of Medically Compromised Patients
  • Anesthesia
  • Maxillofacial Trauma
  • Orthognathic Surgery/Sleep Apnea
  • Maxillofacial Cosmetic Surgery
  1. Lang MS, Dodson TB. Epocrates Online Topic: Dental Abscess, 2014.
  2. Lang MS. Oral Surgery Specialty Chapter in Textbook: Local Anesthesia for Dental Professionals Published 2009 and 2012.
  3. Lang MS, Waite PD. Bilateral Lingual Nerve Injury after Laryngoscopy for Intubation. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2001;59:1497-1499.
  4. Lang MS, Waite PD, Holmes J, Nichols M. A clinical Study of Alloderm in Lip Augmentation. Am J Cosmetic Surg. 2000;17(4):233-242.
  5. Bavitz JB, Harn SD, Hansen CA, Lang MS. An Anatomic Study of Mental Neurovascular Bundle-Implant Relationships. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 1993;8(5):563-567.

John Richard Evans

Evans
Dr. John Evans is currently a Teaching Professor of the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. Dr. Evans is Director of Undergraduate Education for the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. He is an attending surgeon at Group Health Cooperative, Harborview Medical Center, University Hospital, University of Washington, Children’s Orthopedic Hospital and Seattle Veteran’s Administration Hospital. He holds a Washington dental license as well as a general anesthesia, deep sedation permit.

  • DDS, University of Washington, 1975
  • Certificate, Oral Pathology, University of Washington, 1978
  • Certificate, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Oklahoma University, 1982
  • Clinical oral pathology
  • Implantology in the teaching care setting
  • Microneurosurgery in oral and maxillofacial surgery
  • Nerve injuries
  • Learning styles as they apply to clinical teaching
  • Efficacy of informed consent procedures
  • Problem-based learning
  • Metacognition of clinical problem solving
  • Evidence-based clinical care
Abstracts

Kiyak,H.A., Worthington,P., Bolender,C., Evans,J.R. and Taylor,T. Abstract no. 585, International Association of DentalRes., Dublin, 1989.

Evans,J.R., Siegel, I.A. The effects of various prostaglandins on the function of the canine submandibular gland.Abstract, International Association of Dental Research, Miami Beach, Florida, March 1972.

Markowitz,R.N., Evans,J.R., Hancock,F. and Johnson,J. Special problems in oral and maxillofacial Surgery. Abstract, Southwest Society of Oral Surgery Annual Meeting in San Antonio, March 1982.

Evaluating Informed Consent for Third Molar Extractions. Kiyak A, Evans J, IARD/AADR, March, 1993

Lazar, k, Dworkin, S, Evans, J. The Reliability of Clinicians in Interpreting Arthrograms of the Temporomandibular Joint, SURF Program, University of Washington School of Dentistry, 1994

Articles

Gooris,P., Worthington,P. and Evans,J.R. Mandibulotomy: A Surgical Approach to Oral and Pharyngeal Lesions. Int. J. of Oral Max. Surg. 1989, 18, 359-364.

Kiyak,H.A., Beach,B.H., Worthington,P., Bolender,C., Evans,J.R., and Taylor,T. The psychological impact of osseointegrated dental implants. J. Oral Maxillofac Implants, 1990, 5, 61-69.

Evans j, New Microsurgical Techniques Can Aid in Repair of Trigeminal Nerve. Washington State Dental Association News, 42:3, 18, 1995

Kauffman,D.L. Evans,J.R. and Keller,P.J. The existence of glycosylated and non-glycosylated forms of humansubmandibular amylase. Arch Oral Bio., 1973, 18, 1105-1111.

Books

Worthington, P. and Evans, J.R. (Eds.) Controversies in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders, Philadelphia, 1994.

Mark A. Egbert

Egbert

He served as chief of OMS trauma services and the Dental Department at Harborview Medical Center for 12 years prior to moving to Children’s Hospital full time in 2000. Dr. Egbert received his dental and OMS training at the University of Washington, and spent one year studying OMS at the Gemmente Ziekenhuis, Arnhem, The Netherlands. He is now Chief of the Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery at Seattle Children’s Hospital and associate professor of OMS at the University of Washington School of Dentistry with an adjunct appointment in the Division of Plastic surgery in the School of Medicine.

His particular interests include the biological basis of facial growth and development, the management of cleft lip and palate, applications of distraction osteogenesis in the correction of facial anomalies and the treatment of pediatric oral and maxillofacial pathology.

Dr. Egbert serves on numerous review boards for journals, including the International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, the American Journal of OMS and Triple O. His professional society memberships include the AAOMS and ACPA, and he has served as president of the Western Society of OMS and the Washington State Society of OMS. He chairs and serves on committees of the American Association of OMS. He has served on the examining committee of the American Board of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery.

  1. Yeh K, Popowics T, Rafferty K, Herring S, Egbert M. The effects of tooth extraction on alveolar bone biomechanics in the miniature pig, Sus scrofa. Arch Oral Biol. 2010 Sep;55(9):663-9. Epub 2010 Jun 26.
  2. Perkins JA, Manning SC, Tempero RM, Cunningham MJ, Edmonds JL Jr, Hoffer FA, Egbert MA. Lymphatic malformations: review of current treatment. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2010 Jun;142(6):795-803, 803.e1. Review.
  3. Perkins JA, Manning SC, Tempero RM, Cunningham MJ, Edmonds JL Jr, Hoffer FA, Egbert MA. Lymphatic malformations: current cellular and clinical investigations. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2010 Jun;142(6):789-94. Review.

Thomas Benton Dodson

Northwest Center for Oral and Facial Surgery

For scheduling appointments and patient information

Background

Dr. Thomas B. Dodson joined the Department in 2013 as Professor and Chair of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery (OMS). A noted clinician, researcher, and teacher, Dr. Dodson is nationally and internationally recognized as a leader in the specialty.

Prior to joining the faculty at University of Washington, Dr. Dodson was Professor of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery at Harvard School of Dental Medicine and an Attending Surgeon at Massachusetts General Hospital. He previously served as associate professor in the Department of Surgery at Emory School of Medicine in Atlanta.

A Diplomate of the American Board of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Dr. Dodson completed his specialty training in OMS at the University of California-San Francisco, where he also completed an NIH Fellowship in Clinical Epidemiology and a residency in Dental Public Health. An Oregon native and descendant of Oregon Trail pioneers, Dr. Dodson is a Phi Beta Kappa graduate of the University of Oregon. He received his DMD, cum laude, from the Harvard School of Dental Medicine, and MPH from the Harvard School of Public Health.

Dr. Dodson’s clinical practice is informed by his commitment to clinical investigation and evidence-based decision-making. An author of over 150 peer-reviewed publications, Dr. Dodson is Principal Investigator for an American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons (AAOMS)-sponsored nationwide study assessing outcomes on office-based anesthesia and third molar extractions. He was co-author of the AAOMS white papers on Bisphosphonate-related Osteonecrosis of the Jaws (BRONJ). His research established clinical markers to identify victims of domestic abuse, established guidelines for the care of patients with HIV, and evaluated mandatory seat-belt laws. He was awarded the OMS Foundation Research Recognition Award, and twice awarded the Daniel M. Laskin award (2003 and 2010) for the best scientific paper published in the Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery.

Dr. Dodson practices the full scope of OMS, treating patients of all ages. His clinical interests include orthognathic surgery, trauma, nerve injury and facial reconstruction. He is a well-respected expert on management of third molars having been quoted in the Wall Street Journal, the Chicago Tribune and other national media outlets. He has substantial experience both clinically and in his research portfolio in dentoalveolar reconstruction and dental implants. He also served as a team doctor for the Boston Bruins, who honored him with the presentation of a Stanley Cup Ring in 2011.

Dr. Dodson has served as consultant to the Scientific Review Office of the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, as Delegate for Clinical and Translational Sciences Applications to the Subcommittee on Training and Mentorship (NIH), and as Examiner for the American Board of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. He currently chairs the AO Craniomaxillofacial Surgery Research and Development Committee, Davos, Switzerland, and is Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery.

Dr. Dodson’s stalwart commitment to academic OMS has been the hallmark of his 35 year career. His national service is a counterpoint to the mentoring of residents and junior faculty, working at every level to ensure the sustainability of OMS for the next generation through clinical excellence, research, expanded funding, and community outreach.

Clinical and Research Interests

  • Orthognathic surgery
  • Maxillofacial Trauma
  • Pathology
  • Dentoalveolar and maxillofacial reconstructive surgery
  • Management of impacted teeth
  • Dental implants
  • Evidence-based management of third molar outcomes
  • BRONJ (bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the Jaws)
  • Care of medical compromised patients
  • Dental implants and implant survival
  • Reconstructive maxillofacial surgery
  • Intimate partner violence diagnosis in dental injuries
  • Evidence-based practice and outcomes assessment

Publications

Original Articles (Partial listing)

  1. Dodson TB, Kaban LB. California mandatory seatbelt law: The effect of recent legislation on motor vehicle accident-related maxillofacial injuries. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1988;46:875-80.
  2. Dodson TB, Perrott DH, Kaban LB, Gordon NC. A comparative analysis of rigid internal fixation versus intermaxillary fixation for the treatment of mandibular fractures. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1990;48:362.
  3. Dodson TB, Kaban LB, Schmidt B, Longaker MT. Fetal cleft lip repair in rabbits: Part II: Post-natal facial growth after repair. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1991;49:603.
  4. Dodson TB, Barton JA, Kaban LB. Predictors of outcome in children hospitalized with maxillofacial infections: a linear logistic model. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1991;49:838.
  5. Dodson TB, Neuenschwander M, Bays RA. Intraoperative assessment of maxillary perfusion during LeFort I osteotomy. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1994;52:827-31.
  6. Biederman GA, Dodson TB. Epidemiologic review of facial infections in hospitalized pediatric patients. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1994;52:1042-5.
  7. Dodson TB, Pfeffle RC. Cost-effectiveness analysis of open reduction/nonrigid fixation and open reduction/rigid fixation to treat mandibular fractures. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1995;80:5-12.
  8. Dodson TB. Demineralized bone grafts to reconstruct third molar extraction site defects. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1996;82: 241-247.
  9. Dodson TB, Bays RA, Neuenschwander MC. Maxillary perfusion during LeFort I osteotomy following ligation of descending palatine artery. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1996;55: 51-55.
  10. Dodson TB, Bays RA, Pfeffle RC, Barrow D. Cranial bone graft to reconstruct the mandibular condyle in Macaca mulatta. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1997;55:260-267.
  11. Dodson TB. HIV status and the risk of post extraction complications. J Dental Res 1997;76:1644.
  12. Perciaccante V, Dodson TB, Ochs H. Head, neck and facial injuries as markers of domestic violence in women. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1999;57:760.
  13. Chuang S-K, Wei L-J, Douglass CW, Dodson TB. Risk factors for dental implant failure: A strategy for the analysis of clustered failure time observations. J Dent Res 2002;81:527-7.
  14. Kaban, LB, Troulis MJ, Ebb D, August M, Hornicek F, Dodson TB. Anti-angiogenic therapy with Interferon-alpha for giant cell lesions of the jaws. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2002;60:103.
  15. Perrott DH, Yuen J, Andresen R, Dodson TB. Office-based Ambulatory Anesthesia: An overview of the clinical practice of oral and maxillofacial surgeons in the United States. J Oral Maxillofac Surg
  16. Halpern LR, Kaban LB, Dodson TB. Perioperative neurosensory changes associated with treatment of mandibular fractures. J Oral and Maxillofac Surgery 2004;62:576-581.
  17. Richardson D, Dodson TB. Risk of periodontal defects after third molar surgery: An exercise in evidence-based clinical decision-making. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 2005;100:133.
  18. Gentile MA, Chuang S-K, Dodson TB. 6 x 5.7 mm Implants: Survival estimates and risk factors for failure. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implant 2005;20:930.
  19. Halpern LR, Dodson TB. A predictive model to identify women with injuries related to intimate partner violence. JADA 2006;137:604-9. Cover story.
  20. Halpern LR, Dodson TB. Does prophylactic administration of systemic antibiotics prevent postoperative inflammatory complications after third molar surgery? J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2007;65:175-85.
  21. Chuang S-K, Perrott DH, Susarla SM, Dodson TB. Age as a risk factor for third molar surgery complications. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 65:1685-92, 2007
  22. Chuang S-K, Susarla SM, Dodson TB. Delayed versus immediate loading of implants: Survival analysis and risk factors for dental implant failure. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 66:251-5, 2008.
  23. Human ET, Juvet LM, Nastri A, Denman WT, Kaban LB, Dodson TB. Changing patterns of hospital length of stay following orthognathic surgery. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 66:492-7, 2008.
  24. Wessell JH, Dodson TB, Zavras A. Zoledronate and other risk factors associated with osteonecrosis of the jaw in cancer patients: a case-control study. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 66:625-31, 2008.
  25. Markiewicz MR, Brady MF, Ding EL, Dodson TB. Corticosteroids reduce postoperative morbidity following third molar surgery: A meta-analysis. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 66:1881-94, 2008.
  26. Chuang S-K, Perrott DH, Susarla SM, Dodson TB. Risk factors for inflammatory complications following third molar surgery. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 66:2213-8, 2008.
  27. Halpern LR, Parry GA, Hayward G, Peak D, Dodson TB. A comparison of 2 protocols to detect intimate partner violence. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 67:1453-9, 2009.
  28. Perciaccante VM, Susarla SM, Dodson TB. Validation of a diagnostic protocol used to identify intimate partner violence in the emergency department setting. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 68:1537-42, 2010.
  29. Kinard BE. Dodson TB. Most patients with asymptomatic, disease-free third molar elect extraction over retention as their preferred treatment. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 68:2935-42, 2010.
  30. Gordon PE, Lawler ME, Kaban LB, Dodson TB. Mandibular fracture severity and patient health status are associated with postoperative inflammatory complications. 69:2191-7, 2011.
  31. Kinard BE, Chuang S-K, August M, Dodson TB. How well do we manage the odontogenic keratocyst? J Oral Maxillofac Surg 71:1353-8, 2013.
  32. Mercer E, Norton T, Woo S, Treister N, Dodson TB, Solomon DH. Ninety-one osteoporosis patients affected with bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw: A case series. Calcif Tissue Int DOI 10.1007/s00223-013-9747-1, 2013.
  33. Susarla S, Dodson TB. Impacted wisdom teeth. Clinical Evidence 4:1302, 2010.

Jasjit K. Dillon

Dillon
Dr. Jasjit Dillon serves as the Program Director of the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Chief of Harborview Medical Center’s Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department.

Dr. Dillon has an internationally based background with experience and training garnered in five different countries. She received dental degrees from both the University of Newcastle Upon Tyne Dental School, and the University of California San Francisco. She also holds a post doctorate diploma from the Royal College of Surgeons of England and a medical degree from St. Bartholomew’s Medical School, University of London.

  • DDS, University of California San Francisco, 2005
  • MD, St. Bartholomew’s Medical School University of London, 2000
  • FDS, RCS, Royal College of Surgeons of England, 1996
  • BDS, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne Dental School, 1992
  • Maxillofacial oncology and pathology
  • Maxillofacial trauma
  • Post-operative cardiovascular and respiratory complications in oral cancer surgery
  • Reconstruction of maxillofacial defects
  • Dental implants and bone grafting
  • Dentoalveolar surgery
  • Oral cancer
  • Pathology
  • Trauma
  • Maxillofacial reconstruction
  • Trigeminal nerve injuries
  • Microneurosurgery
  • TMJ surgery
Abstracts

  1. Dillon J, Christensen B, Fairbanks T, Moe K, Whipple, M. Tracheostomy – the emergency surgical airway. Presented AAOMS Annual meeting Chicago October 2010
  2. Dillon J, Christensen B, Fairbanks T, Moe K, Whipple, M. Tracheostomy – the emergency surgical airway – tracheotomy versus the cricothyrotomy. Accepted ACOMS meeting Las Vegas April 2011
  3. Christensen B, Huang S, Gauger P, Gomez, P, McDonald T, Dillon J: Ripple effect – the cost of mandibular trauma on health care. Submitted to AAOMS 2011 meeting.
  4. Yu Seung, Estess A, Harris W, Sabath A, Dillon J: A rare case of hepatocellular carcinoma to the mandible. Submitted to AAOMS 2011 meeting
  5. Wasson M, Dillon J: Exsanginating hemorrhage following third molar extraction Submitted to AAOMS 2011 meeting.

Papers

  1. Dillon J, Christensen B, Fairbanks T, Moe K, Whipple, M. Tracheostomy – the emergency surgical airway. Manuscript submitted to Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery March 2011.
  2. Wasson M and Dillon J – History of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery at the University of Washington. Manuscript submitted to Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery March 2011.
  3. Yu Seung, Estess A, Harris W, Sabath A, Dillon J: A rare case of hepatocellular carcinoma to the mandible. Manuscript in preparation.
  4. Wasson M, Dillon J: Exsanginating hemorrhage following third molar extraction. Manuscript in preparation.
  5. Dillon J, Eisley D, Schmidt B. Condylar Odontogenic Myxoma – a case report. Manuscript in preparation.

Dale S. Bloomquist

Bloomquist

Dr. Bloomquist, who is an Associate Professor Emeritus in the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, is a diplomate of the American Board of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. He is an attending surgeon at the UW Medical Center, Harborview Medical Center, Seattle Children’s Hospital, and Swedish Hospital and Medical Center. He holds dental licenses in Washington and Idaho, and is board-certified by the American Board of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery.

Dr. Bloomquist earned his DDS from the UW in 1969, and an MS in oral surgery from Georgetown University in 1973. Before attaining emeritus status, he was Assistant Professor and then Associate Professor in the UW Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department. He has been a consultant to Group Health Hospital, the Seattle Veterans Administration Hospital, Public Health Service Hospital, and Pacific Medical Center.

He has served as President of the Seattle-King County Dental Society, and is a Fellow of the International College of Dentistry and a member of the Omicron Kappa Upsilon dental honorary society.

Over the years, Dr. Bloomquist has continued as an active instructor in residency training for the department. His focus is primarily upon advanced topics related to orthagnathic surgery in working with our residents, both in weekly resident training sessions and in the supervision of O.R. cases at Swedish Hospital and Medical Center, a rotation site for our oral surgery residents.

  • DDS, University of Washington, 1969
  • Certificate, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Georgetown University, 1972
  • MS, Georgetown University, 1973

Clinical: Orthagnathic and reconstructive surgery

Research: Mandibular prognathic surgery issues, bone grafting and maxillary inter-dental osteotomy studies

O. Ross Beirne

Clinical Contact

Beirne

Dr. O. Ross Beirne is currently Professor of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery at the University of Washington, School of Dentistry and Chief of Hospital Dentistry at the University of Washington Medical Center.  He was formerly Assistant Professor and Associate Professor of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery at the University of California, San Francisco from 1979-1985 and Associate Professor and Director of the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Residency Training Program at the University of Washington from 1985-1999.  He served as Chair of the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery at the University of Washington from 1999 to 2010.    He is a Diplomate of the American Board of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and the National Dental Board of Anesthesiology.  He served on the Examination Committee of the American Board of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery from 1997-2001.   He is a Fellow of the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons and the American Dental Society of Anesthesiology.  He is a founding member of the National Dental Board of Anesthesiology.

Honors include election to Phi Beta Kappa, University of California, Berkeley, Omicron Kappa Upsilon, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, and the American College of Dentists.  He is the recipient of the 2008 AAOMS/ADEA Gies Award for distinguished achievements in oral surgery.  He is an Associate Editor for the International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Implants and the Journal of Oral Implantology and member of the Editorial Boards of Anesthesia Progress, the Journal of Evidence Based Dental Practice and Oral Surgery.  He is an ad hoc reviewer for the Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontology and the International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery.  He is chair of the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Foundation’s Committee on Research.

While continuing to be engaged in several research projects related to oral and maxillofacial surgery, anesthesiology, and implantology, Dr. Beirne also devotes considerable time and effort to teaching at both the predoctoral and postdoctoral levels.

  • Reconstructive surgery
  • TMJ surgery
  • Implants
  • Anesthesia
  • Maxillary sinus augmentation
  • Anesthesia- protocol for outpatient oral and maxillofacial surgery
  • Evidenced-based clinical decision making
  1. Beirne OR. Patients differ in the amount of information they want to know about risks and complications before consenting to treatment J Evid Based Den. Pract 11:109-111, 2011.
  2. Beirne OR. Open reduction with interval fixation of moderately displaced mandible fractures is not a cost-effective alternative to closed reduction with maxillomandibular fixation J Evid Based Dent Pract 10:101-102, 2010.
  3. Yu SH, Beirne OR. Laryngeal mask airways have a lower risk of airway complications compared with endotracheal intubation: A systematic Review J Oral Maxillofac Surg 68:2359-2376, 2010.
  4. Kao RT, Murakami KS, Beirne OR. The use of biologic mediators and tissue engineering in  dentistry Periodont 2000 50:127-153, 2009.
  5. Carter TG, Brar PS, Tolas A, Beirne OR. Off-label use of recombinant human bone morophogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) bio-implant for reconstruction of mandibular defects in humans J Oral Maxillofac Surg 66:1417-1425, 2008.
  6. Griffitts TM, Collins, CP, Collins, PC, Beirne OR. The Walker repair of the temporomandibular joint: A retrospective evaluation of 111 patients. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 65:1958-1962, 2007.
  7. Carter TG, Dierks EJ, Bracis R., Beirne OR. Community acquired methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus facial abscesses: Case reports J Oral Maxillofac Surg 63:1021-1025, 2005.
  8. Beirne OR. Evidence to continue oral anticoagulant therapy for ambulatory oral surgery  J Oral Maxillofac Surg 63:540-545, 2005.
  1. Beirne OR.  Dyspnea in Medical Emergencies in Dentistry, J Bennett, M B Rosenberg (eds) WB Saunders, Philadelphia,  Chapter 5, pp.97-104, 2002.
  2. Beirne OR. Osseointegrated Implant Systems in Principles of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Vol.II Peterson, LJ, Indresano AT, Marciani RD, Roser SM (eds) JB  Lippincott Company,  Philadelphia, Chapter 44, pp 1133-1154, 1992.
  3. Beirne OR, Lum, LB. The Core-Vent Implant:  Clinical and Histological Studies in Clark’s Clinical Dentistry, Harding F (ed.), JP Lippincott Co,  Philadelphia, Chapter 46A, pp1-13, 1989.
  4. Smith RA,  Beirne, OR. The Use of Nitrous Oxide by Dentists in Nitrous Oxide/N20  Eger EI (ed.), Elsevier Science Publishing Co., Inc. New York, pp 281-304, 1985.